get-content file.txt | foreach-object {add-content output.txt "text_to_add $_"}
This goes through every line in file.txt, adds "text_to_add" followed by a space and then whatever was on the original line (which is put in by the $_ ) and then writes that out to output.txt.
If you wanted to append to the end of every line it would be:
get-content file.txt | foreach-object {add-content output.txt "$_ text_to_add "}
If you wanted search for and replace only specific lines you'd write a function to do so which a good example of searching through a text file I've found here.